Discussion board forum Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Discussion board forum - Assignment Example However, there are certain advocates that indicate that this is an incorrect approach. Instead, these individuals promote the understanding that a far more effective technique is to modify the job, organizational structure, or management style as a function of reducing the impact of such stressors itself. Unfortunately, there are a number of key drawbacks with respect to this particular approach. The first of which has to do with the fact that stress itself will still be exhibited regardless of the organizational structure or approach that management might take to seeking to assuage this particular issue. As such, even if efforts are made to change the dynamic by which stress is passed on to the stakeholder, it is virtually impossible to diminish or otherwise read an entire organization or business/group of stakeholders from known stressors. Whereas it is of course admirable that firms are seeking to perform such a function as a way of shielding their employees from the detrimental physical and mental aspects that stress create, thereby considering the Golden rule and how the importance of treating others as one wishes to be treated itself is important, the difficulty and application of this particular approach is considered the fact that if stakeholders were successful in seeking to reduce the impact stress individuals at the lower end of the organizational chart, the stres s will necessarily be transferred to managers and leaders within the organization. Rather than moving the stress from one part of the organization to another, a far better approach is to understand that stress is a very real part of life and that the firm/organization/or group of stakeholders must take it upon each other to reach out and assist their fellow employees in situations in which extreme personal or departmental stress is being exhibited. In perfect application,

Ethan Frome Key Passage Analysis Essay Example for Free

Ethan Frome Key Passage Analysis Essay Edith Wharton quite deliberately brings together human emotion and the environment in her novella Ethan Frome. The characters are circumscribed by the environment in which they exist and the impossibility of escape from the environmental forces of nature, heredity and place shape the characters of the text. A moment of hope arises as Mattie and Ethan walk home together from the dance and a more romantic sense of possibility emerges. The reader is drawn to the love of Ethan and Mattie quite subtly – it grows almost organically from innocent moments shared and this is perhaps why the reader does not see their ‘affair’ as adulterous. We share the hope that glimmers in the bleak cold that is Starkfield and its characters. Ethan’s sensitivity reflects an important aspect of his character that is shown to us in this section. His intelligence and the study in Worcester has exacerbated his isolation within the Starkfield community. Harmon Gow’s ironic observation that ‘most of the smart one’s got away’ heightens the reader’s perception that Ethan is trapped. The ‘appeal of natural beauty’ suggests a connection with the landscape that is romantic in its conception. Ethan ‘communes’ with the environment and is able to see beyond the harshness in a way that the frame narrator cannot. The fact that he feels this appreciation of beauty as a silent and solitary emotion typifies the lack of communication within his world. Similarly, the night walks of Mattie and Ethan become moments of ‘communion’. Wharton’s choice of diction suggests that their relationship is more than a response to the physical harshness of the environment or repressed emotions – the ‘sweetness of this communion’ implies a genuine meeting of souls and minds that transcends the physical. The fact that Mattie’s ‘spirit†¦ trembled with the same touch of wonder’ is inspiring for Ethan and the reader is encouraged to view the relationship as one of purity and innocence rather than adulterous. Wharton uses the environment as the meeting point for the lovers’ ‘wonder’ – looking up to the stars (an image often synonymous with dreams and hope) or across the fields. It is interesting to note the descriptive language Wharton uses to describe Ethan’s vision when he is with Mattie. The sunset is red with ‘cloud flocks over slopes of golden stubble’ with strong ‘blue hemlocks’ – the intensity of the colours reflect the intensity of his emotions and contrast with the blank, barren whiteness that has characterised descriptions of Starkfield up to this point. It is as if Mattie, whose surname sparkles with colour, transforms the landscape and Ethan sees the world anew when he is with her. His masculine ego is hinted at by Wharton in the admiration Mattie displays for his knowledge of the environment. We have been encouraged to view him as the powerless and emasculated husband, browbeaten by a shrewish wife. Mattie inspires a sense of manhood within him. This is interestingly displayed at the moment of crisis when the pickle dish is shattered as Ethan takes control and feels the ‘thrilling sense of mastery’ as he reassembles the dish. The symbolic nature of the dish representing the marriage of Ethan to Zeena is shattered and Ethan is liberated by the moment – however fleetingly. Wharton suggests that Mattie and Ethan are closely (and perhaps idealistically) suited to each other – she describes their walks as a ‘communion’. Mattie’s description of the landscape looking as it had been painted strikes a deep chord within Ethan and he feels that Mattie is able to articulate ‘his secret soul’. The closeness and intensity of their relationship is perhaps understated – depicted in the language of the environment rather than through eloquent dialogue. Wharton often plays upon Ethan’s lack of eloquence to show the difficulty he has in expressing his emotions.

Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World :: essays papers

Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World There were quite a few changes made from Aldous Huxley’s, Brave New World to turn it into a â€Å"made for TV† movie. The first major change most people noticed was Bernard Marx’s attitude. In the book he was very shy and timid toward the opposite sex, he was also very cynical about their utopian lifestyle. In the movie Bernard was a regular Casanova. He had no shyness towards anyone. A second major deviation the movie made form the book was when Bernard exposed the existing director of Hatcheries and Conditioning, Bernard himself was moved up to this position. In the book the author doesn’t even mention who takes over the position. The biggest change between the two was Lenina, Bernard’s girlfriend becomes pregnant and has the baby. The screenwriters must have made this up because the author doesn’t even mention it. The differences between the book and the movie both helped it and hurt it. Of the many changes made between the book and the movie, most were made to keep the audience interested in the story. Most people who watch TV don’t have a long attention span. Executives at NBC didn’t want to spend millions to produce a movie and then have nobody watch it. The screenwriters had to throw in some clever plot twists to keep people interested. Another reason the movie was different from the book was the material in the book was a little too racy for network TV. Take the ending, for example, nobody wants to see a grown man hang himself. This was a reason the producers had to change some material in the movie. The book and the movie were both very good. The book took time to explain things like setting, people’s emotions, people’s traits, and important background information. There was no time for these explanations the movie. The book, however, had parts in the beginning where some readers could become flustered.

High school versus college Essay

Going to College after so many years made me realize how different high school is from College. In fact, many students that attend College straight after high school quit after their first semester of College due to the changes and difficulties encountered. There are various reasons why College differs from high school. However, knowing the expectations and the culture of College in comparison to high school would help in a more successful transition. College differs from high school in many ways. However, students should begin their transition to College by first looking at not only what to expect from College; but also what College will expect from them. As a college education is very important step to reach personal aspirations in the workplace and life. First of all, College offers an opportunity to learn independently. Unlike high school, College students can function with little guidance from their professors. As a result, College students have to develop many self management skills such as getting to school on time, turning projects by deadlines, being able to use electronic materials for the syllabus, class outlines, online classes or assignments. Secondly, College has a faster pace than high school. Each college course is twice faster than high school courses. In addition, College course usually requires more reading, more homework, and more projects. The workload is totally higher and faster and requires more time to study. The College books have more words per page, thus more chapters than the high school books. The language used in the textbooks is more difficult and requires more time to study. Unlike high school which has specific school hours 5 days a week excluding weekends; College on the other hands offer more out of class time. Students can choose to go to school any time based on their chosen schedule whether is day, night or weekends. As a result of this freedom, College students have to learn to manage their time effectively. In addition, all high schools students must take the same basic classes in order to graduate such as English, Mathematics, Sciences, Physical education, world history, economics, foreign languages and other elective. College students on the other hand can take any classes based on their academic major. Most college freshmen start with beginning classes such as English, writing, speech, and Mathematics then they can choose any other required course based on their academic field of study. College students also have higher level of thinking than high school students. They are able to do research on a topic and ideas as well as analyzing others ideas and interpreting and evaluating data from any given source. High school students on the other hands can only summarize and take ideas from others. Some of College student’s classes unlike high school class require research papers, presentation, and discussion in front of the whole class and sometimes peer evaluation. Although College culture differs widely from high school culture, students can also succeed with improved effort and practice. Whether students attend College straight from high school or its equivalents; or attending College after many years of working, going to college offers an opportunity to grow and to achieve goals. No matter what the background or motivation, being a College student will provide an opportunity to improve life and reach personal aspirations.

Learning Essay

Learning something new it’s no easy. I have learned a lot of things in my life like cooking, surfing and horse riding, and I’ve always known that to be pessimistic is not a good choice. That’s why I decided to put a good face to the idea of learn how to dance salsa. A few months ago, I decided to sign up for salsa classes, everything began when we were celebrating the birthday of a friend and suddenly they all got up of their seats to dance salsa, everyone, except for me. Not knowing how to dance salsa is not something special but that day, at that moment, in that birthday, it meant a lot to me because my father was a professional salsa dancer and I am supposed to have that gene in my veins. The first few weeks were the hardest in the dance studio. I was scared, I felt that I had two left feet and for my bad luck always touched me dance with the most awkward of the boys. His name was Marcos. A very friendly guy, handsome and gentlemanly, but dancing was not his best skill. The first steps that we learned were basic but the most painful, I was not used to dance that type of music because it is a very fast dance and every song seemed endless. â€Å"The Salsa is very spontaneous, involves a lot of movement of the hips and feet† always said our instructor, he was a very funny man but what we most love about him was his patience and commitment to us. He showed us that we must first overcome the fear and shame that involves dancing in from of a group of people so we can show all the confidence that we have. And that’s exactly what I did, with time and practice I became the best in my class. Salsa dancing became my obsession I could not stop thinking about it, especially knowing, that the last session was a competition dance. The prize was a medal and that medal was my goal. I practiced day and night, in every spare moment, until the day of competition. I confess I was very nervous but I still succeed in overcoming all my fears and given the best of me on that dance floor. And you know what? I won, I won the medal and became the best in my class, I am very proud of myself because I showed that it is never late to learn something new and that everything in life involves patience, effort, practice and above all dedication . All these aspects made ​​me the person that I am now. A person more confident of itself and of what can be achieved in life. So if you still do not know how to dance salsa, what are you waiting for? It’s never too late, because now I’m sure that for the next birthday of one of my friends, I’ll be ready for dance Salsa until dawn.

SAT Writing Free writing practice tests and essay writing tips

SAT Writing Free writing practice tests and essay writing tips SAT Writing

Reflexology Essay Example

Reflexology Essay Example Reflexology Essay Reflexology Essay Reflexology, or zone therapy is an alternative medicine involving the physical act of applying pressure to the feet, hands, or ears with specific thumb, finger, and hand techniques without the use of oil or lotion. It is based on what reflexologists claim to be a system of zones and reflex areas that they say reflect an image of the body on the feet and hands, with the premise that such work effects a physical change to the body. [1] A 2009 systematic review of randomised controlled trials concludes that The best evidence available to date does not demonstrate convincingly that reflexology is an effective treatment for any medical condition. [2] The Reflexology Association of Canada defines reflexology as: A natural healing art based on the principle that there are reflexes in the feet, hands and ears and their referral areas within zone related areas, which correspond to every part, gland and organ of the body. Through application of pressure on these reflexes without the use of too ls, cremes or lotions, the feet being the primary area of application, reflexology relieves tension, improves circulation and helps promote the natural function of the related areas of the body. [3] There is no consensus among reflexologists on how reflexology is supposed to work; a unifying theme is the idea that areas on the foot correspond to areas of the body, and that by manipulating these one can improve health through ones qi. [4] Reflexologists divide the body into ten equal vertical zones, five on the right and five on the left. [5] Concerns have been raised by medical professionals that treating potentially serious illnesses with reflexology, which has no proven efficacy, could delay the seeking of appropriate medical treatment

Do You Need to Take the ACT for Community College

Do You Need to Take the ACT for Community College SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Do you have questions about applying to community college? I have answers! For starters, most community colleges do not require ACT scores. In fact, the vast majority are open enrollment: as long as you meet a few basic requirements (the main one is generally having a high school diploma or GED), you’re in. The exception to this rule isif you're interested in more selective programs in science or law enforcementor if you're planning to transfer to a four-year university. In these cases, you may need to take the SAT or ACT. In this post, I’ll explain the application process for community colleges in more depthand what steps you’ll need to take to apply. What Do You Need to Apply to Community College? The application for community college is very easy. It has just two, or sometimes three, parts: an application form with some basic information your high school transcript or GED in some cases,an application fee (though many schools don't require one) Keep in mind that filling out the application is just the first step. Once you’re accepted, you may need to take a placement test and/or meet with an academic counselor. What If You've Already Taken the ACT? Again, most community colleges don’t require ACT scores for admission, so you shouldn’t register for the test. That being said, if you’ve already taken the test, you may end up wanting to send your scores to the school. As I mentioned above, community colleges generally require aplacement test to determine what level your English and math skills are at and whether you need remedial help. If you scored highly enough on your ACT, you may be able to opt out of this part of the enrollment process. Keep in mind, however, that if you haven’t taken the ACTit will probably be cheaper (or even free) to take the placement test offered by the school. University of Oregon (Jeff Ozvold/Flickr) AreThere Any Reasons Why You Would Need the ACT for Community College? Although community colleges themselvesdon't ask for standardized test scores, you may still need them, depending on your long-term plan. Those students who want to apply to a specialized program or transfer to a four-year university may need to submit ACT or SAT scores. Applying to Specialized Programs Certain community college programs, like nursing and law enforcement, often have more selective requirements than the school as a whole, and some may request standardized test scores. If you’re interested in a specific program make sure to check with yourcollege and find outwhat its admission requirements are and what you’ll need to do to meet them. Transferring to a Four-Year School Additionally, youmay need to take the ACTif you're planning to transfer to a four-year college or university. For some schools, transfer applicants (whether from other four-year schools or from community colleges) areasked to submit standardized test scores, though the exact requirements often depend on how many credits you've completed. Policies on standardized tests for transfer students vary, but, generally, the fewercredits you've completed, the morelikely it is that you'll need to submit ACTor SATscores. (It's often best if you've completed your associate degree.) Pathway programs, which provides priority admission at an affiliated four-year school, also tend to allow you to skip the standardized testing. However, some colleges and universities- mostly, though not exclusively, selective private schools- do require standardized test scores fromall students who apply.I've listed some examples of each type below. Schools that Require SATs or ACTs for Upper-Level Transfer Students Harvard University University of Chicago University of Virginia Tulane University Schools that Don't Require SATs or ACTs for Upper-Level Transfer Students University of California University of Colorado Pitzer College NYU University of Texas University of Florida Miami University (Ohio) This list is obviously not exhaustive, so no matter what,double check the requirementsto transfer tothe specific school and program you'd like to attend. What Are Your Next Steps? Confirm Admission Requirements with the School You’re Interested In This article offers general advice that will apply to most schools, but there’s always a chance that the community college you’re interested in will have different requirements. Make sure to research the application process for the school you want to attend. This info can usually be found on the school’s website, but if you have any questions don’t hesitate to go aheadand call the peopleat the admissions office. They’re there to help! Study for the Placement Test Just because it’s not the ACT doesn’t mean the placement test isn’t important- make sure you’re prepared so that you don’t have to repeat a bunch of material you already know. Plan for the Future If you are planning on transferring to a four-year schooldown the road, set yourself up for success by checkingthe transfer requirements at the schools where you want to apply well in advance. Here are some good questions to ask: what kind of classes do you need to take? is there an admission agreement between your community college and the university you want to attend? are there other requirements like recommendation letters, standardized test scores, or supplemental essays? Knowing what will be expected of you from the beginning helps ensurethat you're in the best position to transfer to a four-year school after completing your associate degree. Other Recommended Reading If you do need to take the ACT, take a look at our test prep guidesand checkwhether you wouldn't rather take the SAT. Also check out ourcomplete guide to transferring colleges! Disappointed with your ACT scores? Want to improve your ACT score by 4+ points? Download our free guide to the top 5 strategies you need in your prep to improve your ACT score dramatically. Have friends who also need help with test prep? Share this article! Tweet Alex Heimbach About the Author Alex is an experienced tutor and writer. Over the past five years, she has worked with almost a hundred students and written about pop culture for a wide range of publications. She graduated with honors from University of Chicago, receiving a BA in English and Anthropology, and then went on to earn an MA at NYU in Cultural Reporting and Criticism. In high school, she was a National Merit Scholar, took 12 AP tests and scored 99 percentile scores on the SAT and ACT. Get Free Guides to Boost Your SAT/ACT Get FREE EXCLUSIVE insider tips on how to ACE THE SAT/ACT. 100% Privacy. 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Cultural Differences Between Employees Management Essay

Cultural Differences Between Employees Management - Essay Example While superficially it might seem the first three elements of the analysis, (Political, Economic, and Sociological), might seem to be the most applicable to a discussion of culture within the workplace, the others are as well. PESTLE has been used by many companies to examine both the internal and external factors that will influence both present and future business. It is a way of viewing complex situations through the prism of a strong model that can both provide a rational framework for the examination of complex issues and also provide a foundation for the possible alleviation of the problems discovered. Thus the problem of "culture" is one that is posed for nearly all managers in all businesses, but especially within increasingly diverse environments such as are found in Europe. First of all, what does "culture" mean The dictionary defines it in the following manner: What does such an esoteric subject have to do with the ordinary business environment one might ask Basically, culture is all the beliefs, biases, likes, dislikes and general attitude towards life that an employee brings into the workplace. If all these were homogeneous within each company then culture could be ignored as it would be shared and unified. Problems arise when a culture is not shared, specifically when a particular manner, way of speaking or belief conflicts with another. On a most basic level, one might deal with the problem with hand gestures.  

Resolute Forest Products Inc Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Resolute Forest Products Inc - Research Paper Example Where there is competition, there is always the need to devise a competitive strategy that can guarantee competitive advantage for the company. It is in line with this that a comprehensive company analysis is necessary to identifying the current market position of the company, understanding ways in which the company has responded to the competitions that it is faced with, what the weaknesses and strengths of the company has been in its quest to be competitive, corporate strategies that can work best for the company, and a comprehensive financial assessment for the company. Presently, Resolute Forest Product Inc can be said to be at a position where the company has failed to maximise its potential on the global economic competition. As a result, even though the company continues to record increases in revenue and operating incomes, these have not been translated into net income, total assets, and total equity. 2.0 Organization Overview Resolute Forest Product Inc is the outcome of a m erger between Bowater and Abitibi-Consolidated, which took place in January 2007. The company is mainly into the manufacturing of pulp and paper and is headquartered in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Noting the importance of supply chain management to the company and the devastating consequence that can be associated with shortages in supply of raw materials, the company has as part of its major corporate strategies to operate and manage its own forest base that is responsible for supplying the company with its raw materials (Kanter, 2012). In line with this, the company boasts of owning an approximate value of 14.9 million hectares of forestland in North America as at the end of 2011 (Kim, 2011). This has generally being a workable strategy that has made the company to become recognized with efficiency in meeting demand from consumers. With growing concerns on global warming and the need to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, Resolute Forest Product Inc pledged its commitment to th is call in November 2011 when it became a member of the World Wildlife Fund’s Climate Saver’s Program (Chen, 2012). Together with other stakeholders and members therefore, the company is in a joint course to helping reduce greenhouse gas emission by 65% by 2015. The operations of the company have not been free from lawsuits to and from the company. For example in May 2013, The Star (2013) reported of a $7,000,000 defamation lawsuit filed against Greenpeace Canada and some of its employees for alleged interference with economic relations with their customers (Aulakh, 2013). Greenpeace Canada has however seen the lawsuit as a mere attempt to for Resolute to launch a Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation (SLAPP). 3.0 SWOT Analysis Strength Weaknesses 1. The company has a very reliable raw material base that makes the dependence on suppliers very limited. 2. Reduced dependence on suppliers means the company has sufficient savings on external spending that minimize d the cost of doing business 3. The company commands very high annual revenue and operating income that makes it have very strong competitive urge over its competitors, knowing that diversification and other means of raising funds for the company with

Eng 263 short stories. I have 8 topics to choose from Essay

Eng 263 short stories. I have 8 topics to choose from - Essay Example In the past years, it was very difficult to understand nature because no one had an idea on the explations that he or she could give concerning the nature. The main explation that was put forward was that no one could explain nature due to the occurrences that were taking place. Scholars looked at nature from the geographical point of view and tried to explain some of the processes that had occurred in relation to the human activities and the natural forces (Moran 67). Ann Charters has an acute sense of which stories work most effectively in the classroom, and she knows that writers, not editors, have the most interesting and useful things to say about the making and the meaning of fiction. Her anthology, The Story and Its Writer, is the most comprehensive, diverse -- and the best-selling -- introduction to fiction available, notable for its student appeal as well as its quality and range (DeLoughrey et al 95). Humanitys progress, particularly since the mid-19th century, has been largely the result of our ability to get and use what planet Earth has to offer. All told, the food we eat, the timber we cut, and the water we draw amounts to an astounding one-third to one-half of global ecosystem production (DeLoughrey, Elizabeth, Gosson, and Handley, 95). Nevertheless, humans are part of nature, and like every other species on the planet, we depend upon healthy ecosystems for our survival. Nature provides us essentials like clean water, food, medicines, and even recreational retreats. Intact ecosystems also help regulate our weather and climate (Moran 67). However, these systems are extremely fragile, and we are only now beginning to understand the myriad interactions and interdependencies that sustain them. In addition, we know that once they are gone, there are no replacements (Moran 67). Changing our behavior and needs to preserve these Earths ecosystems will be neither neither easy nor inexpensive. Nevertheless, if we are to feed, clothe, and care for

Describe the elements of the communication process and explain the Term Paper

Describe the elements of the communication process and explain the process of interpersonal communication. Discuss the Barriers - Term Paper Example As a sender, he can talk directly to the employees, or send an email requesting to have a meeting with them on a particular date. In this case, the perception of the receiver on the message sent influences the manner in which communication is interpreted, received and responded to. For that reason, the sender should be fully aware of the purpose of the communication and the receiver’s aptitude to decode and comprehend the message as far as interest and language is concerned (Hesse par 2). The Message Messages take various forms and can include signs, symbols or words. To avoid distortion, the sender must ensure that the message is simple and clear. Moreover, the receiver should take care of the body language such as facial expression if the message is to be communicated verbally. Finally, the sender must consider the abilities and the competence of the receiver, when creating a message, to reduce barriers that might hinder effective communication (Priya 5-6). For example, a ma nager who needs information from an employee on how to increase profits and heighten employee retention must ensure that he or she communicates in a language that the worker understands. Additionally, he must make sure that the employee is competent enough in that area; hence, the ideas given are credible enough to be taken into consideration. The Channel Priya (5) assert that the channels of communication play an imperative role in communication; hence, senders should select an appropriate channel or medium of communication to ensure that the message is not distorted. Examples of channels of communication are e-mail, phones, radio, television and internet among others. If an advertiser decides to place an advert in the radio or television, for instance, he should consider the audience or the people who will listen or see the advert. In that case, he must ensure that the intended people get to listen to the advert, and that the right language is used to avoid misinterpretation. It i s essential for businesses to choose when and how they will send their messages. A building society can, for example, only send messages about a new product to their members by email or text if that is the agreed channel of communication. It should be understood that sending of messages through the internet to persons who cannot receive an email results to miscommunication. Receiver The receiver or the decoder is the person who is responsible for decoding or extracting the meaning from the message conveyed. He or she ensures that a feedback is sent to the sender, and his work is mainly to interpret the message. In that case, for the message to be effectively understood and right feedback given, the receiver should be able to read and understand what has been written down. If not, this may lead to distortion of the message by the decoder, and an equally wrong feedback (Priya 5-6). Feedback Feedback is the most vital element in the communication process as it helps in determining whet her the receiver grasped the intended meaning. Without a feedback, the communication process remains incomplete. For instance, when one sends a short message through the phone to a friend and fails to get a feedback, it is likely that the intended recipient did not get the message, or did not understand it. In that case, the language used is imperative and both parties should communicate in a

AFA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AFA - Essay Example This apartheid regime passed the 1962 Sabotage Act in response to the constitution of militant units and increase in sabotage. According to Kithinji, the Act gave the justice ministry immense powers such that it could silence political activism and further condemn â€Å"communist agitators† to house arrest (240). Indeed, apartheid had devastating effects on the social lives of the people. This was further aggravated by the suppression of the opposition early in the 1960s as propagated by the apartheid rule. The 1959 Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Bill passed by the parliament allowed homelands to be completely independent states. This â€Å"independence† to the Bantustans was used by the apartheid regime to develop national consciousness in the groups it created as observed by Kithinji (241). The rights of the Africans continued to be held in the hands of the apartheid which maintained social control and propagated destruction. The banning of all forbidden organizations including the ANC, the Pan-African Congress and the South Africa Communist Party among others on 2 February 1990 was an indication of the readiness for national negotiations on the adoption of new political order according to Kithinji (245). A few resultant crises caused the regime to collapse. This included the prolonged socio-political instability which destabilized the economy and created structural weaknesses. This became apparent with the military involvement of South Africa in Angola in support of Jonas Savimbi’s rebel National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, UNITA which was in the fight to oust the leftist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, MPLA government (Kithinji 244). Kithinji, Michael Mwenda. â€Å"Apartheid in South Africa.† (Re) Tracing Africa: A Multi-Disciplinary Study of African History, Societies, and Cultures. Eds. Salome

Art and Intention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Art and Intention - Essay Example Quite often we see that the leaders of a new movement such as have been misunderstood and ridiculed before a critical mass begins to appreciate the value of their work. In this context, Michelangelo’s ‘David’ (1501-04) and Marcel Duchamp’s ‘Nude Descending a Staircase’ (1912) signified movements in art form that were ahead of their time. Discussion In the context of Michelangelo’s ‘David’, it is worthwhile to remember that this masterpiece was carved from a stone block that had various defects and fissures running through it. It had been refused earlier by both Sandro Botticelli and Leonardo da Vinci. The statue of David stands 5.17 meters tall and Michelangelo had to do most of the work standing up. He was 26 years at the time. Originally meant for a Florentine cathedral, the final work took over two years to complete and weighed 6 tons and so it was unveiled as a public figure in the square outside the Palazzo della Signor ia, the seat of civic governance in Florence, where it stood as a symbol of civic liberties. Its initial unveiling met with the distaste of the local public, who objected against its nudity.

AFA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

AFA - Essay Example This apartheid regime passed the 1962 Sabotage Act in response to the constitution of militant units and increase in sabotage. According to Kithinji, the Act gave the justice ministry immense powers such that it could silence political activism and further condemn â€Å"communist agitators† to house arrest (240). Indeed, apartheid had devastating effects on the social lives of the people. This was further aggravated by the suppression of the opposition early in the 1960s as propagated by the apartheid rule. The 1959 Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Bill passed by the parliament allowed homelands to be completely independent states. This â€Å"independence† to the Bantustans was used by the apartheid regime to develop national consciousness in the groups it created as observed by Kithinji (241). The rights of the Africans continued to be held in the hands of the apartheid which maintained social control and propagated destruction. The banning of all forbidden organizations including the ANC, the Pan-African Congress and the South Africa Communist Party among others on 2 February 1990 was an indication of the readiness for national negotiations on the adoption of new political order according to Kithinji (245). A few resultant crises caused the regime to collapse. This included the prolonged socio-political instability which destabilized the economy and created structural weaknesses. This became apparent with the military involvement of South Africa in Angola in support of Jonas Savimbi’s rebel National Union for the Total Independence of Angola, UNITA which was in the fight to oust the leftist Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola, MPLA government (Kithinji 244). Kithinji, Michael Mwenda. â€Å"Apartheid in South Africa.† (Re) Tracing Africa: A Multi-Disciplinary Study of African History, Societies, and Cultures. Eds. Salome

The Role of a Modern Industrial Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Role of a Modern Industrial Manager - Essay Example Therefore, understanding the role of industrial manager would be highly beneficial and could dictate the success of an organisation. To have a clear understanding of management and the role of an effective manager, one must first take a look at history. As early as 3000 BC, there has been evidence of formal management where business transactions were recorded through written documents (Pindur, Rogers and Kim 1995). As the years went on, people realised the importance of management and started laying down theories and principles reflecting it. The years progressed and different concepts and techniques were born. Leaders learned the value of delegation of authority (Smith 1776). Specialization in tasks was learned to be effective in the work force. These, along with many others, became managerial techniques. The 19th century gave birth to what is known as classical management (Pindur, Rogers and Kim 1995). Aiming to provide a scientific foundation for the management of organisations, this school of thought soon became the most popular among those who study management. The Industrial Revolution had a hand in its development. When workers were transferred o factories, replacing small home-based shops, a need to efficiently manage the work force arose (Pindur et al 1995). Classical management was both scientific and administrative. It believes that through scientific management, productivity may be improved (Taylor 1911). It was said that successful industrial managers are born and not made. Nevertheless, systematic or scientific management when executed properly will show us that, the foundation of good management rests upon theory and principles and not merely genetic inheritance or nature (Taylor 1911). Another point of classical management is to discredit the old notion that the interests of employers and of employees are conflicting. Scientific management reiterates that these two are actually the same (Taylor 1911).

Free

Free African Americans Essay The Antebellum period had a huge impact on the free African American people. The Antebellum period is the time that is pre-Civil War and post-War of 1812. The United States was expanding to a more powerful nation and slavery was the biggest industry in their economy. During this period of time, African Americans had to deal with many obstacles/adversities as free blacks in all regions of the United States. The regions known as, in the northern, upper south, deep south, and far west regions of the United States was where the free African American encountered different and similar situations and experiences. Throughout history the north always was known as the first region that freed slaves. The northern states didnt us the same economic methods as the southern states and the far west. They adopted a new way of making money. According to The African American Odyssey, Between 1860, a market revolution transformed the north into a modern industrial society. This new method changed economy for the north until present day. This was a new age of industry and the production of factories. Slavery was not needed as much as the southern states where they had good sun to cultivate and profit from crops such as cotton. Even though this new method lightened the idea of slavery in the north, the freedom for blacks was still limited. Whites did not want to deal with blacks so they enforced new black laws in which resulted in the segregation of school, communities and any other public uses. Free black men had limited voting rights where they barely had any rights to vote. Most of all these black laws impacted the employment level to a low gradient for the free blacks in the north. This battle for employment had many negative impacts on free Black’s ways of life. Families were tarnished under the pressure of providing for their families with the scarcity of jobs. They enforced fugitive slave law where the white slave masters can hunt and recapture runaway slaves from the south. This made life difficult and filled the free blacks with fear because they were more prone to be wrongfully enslaved. Like the south the whites did not want to deal with blacks whatsoever. Irish immigrants were taking all the jobs away from the blacks many blacks had unskilled jobs such as being barbers and shoemakers. The free African American upper south region did have similar experiences as the north but much more were different. Though they shared similar churches family businesses and fraternities the upper south was still separated by the idea of slavery and the different economic methods. The impact of slavery created different communities. The free blacks in the north lived with other free Blacks while in the upper south; the free Blacks lived with slaves. The fugitive slave laws had a bigger impact on the upper south than the north. The free black was definitely more prone to be enslaves. Many sheriffs would harass and arrest free blacks randomly on profiling them as runaway slaves. They did have a tool known as free papers that was proof for their freedom. But these papers were useless most of the time because they constantly had to be renewed. These free papers impacted the everyday life of African Americans because they had to make sure that their papers werent stolen, lost, or tarnished. The free Blacks had fewer freedoms. They could not vote at all and they had problems going outside at night. They could not congregate in groups and had no rights to bear arms. Life as a free Black person was tougher than the north because of the low employment rates downgraded again due to the Irish immigrants taking their jobs. Their jobs were different during the antebellum period. Many people were maids and servants and washers. Upper south institutions where tarnished and almost did not exist. Black churches were overran by white ministries and left the black ministers with no opportunities to practice on their careers. Schools were almost absent. They were low funded whereas many blacks in the upper south were left uneducated. There were no schools and no jobs which gave success to the whites on preventing the advancement of the free blacks. Unlike the north and the upper south, the Deep South barely had any free blacks despite the fact that the population of African Americans in the Deep South was enormous. There were many incidents of racial mixing with slave owners and the female slaves. Diversity was there but slavery still kept their children enslaved. They usually had a choice to buy their way out of slavery. Many of the free slaves did not have their own separate identity from the white slave owners. Many of the free blacks were just like the whites. They were accepted in the churches. Many wealthy free blacks were educated due to the establishment of private schools. Unlike the north and the Upper South, they had better skilled jobs such as carpentry and tailors. Many whites began to overlook the success of the free African American In the Deep South and made it even more impossible to live. Unlike the North, Upper South, and the Deep South, the Far West absolutely did not want anything to do with free Blacks. The black laws in the Far West were made to ban all free Blacks from settling in their region. The Gold Rush of 1849 resulted in the migration of many White and free Black men to settle out west in states like California and Oregon. The Far west was known to be more multicultural and have multicultural communities. Many blacks had the same jobs of that the free Blacks from the regions had except for the gold mining. Many Blacks prospered from gold. Slavery was a huge propaganda in the upper south and the whole south in general. It was a reality that all African American whether free or enslaved could not avoid. The northern states were gradually enhancing their advancement in the idea of acceptance and coexistence with the Whites in the US. The north had at least a bit of a head start for the search of equality in the U. S. The conditions of living might have been similar and different in many ways but this time all came to an end once the fugitive slave laws were enhanced. Many free African Blacks were enslaved and wrongfully accused to be slaves. The new laws were undisputed and changed the Blacks’ idea of freedom and fight for equality Work Cited Hine D, The African American Odyssey (2011). Combined Volume, 5th Edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

A Shropshire Lad Essay -- essays research papers fc

Shropshire: A Place of Imagined Sexual Contentment Published in 1869, A.E. Housman’s A Shropshire Lad stands as one of the most socially acclaimed collections of English poetry from the Victorian age. This period in British history, however, proves, by judiciary focus (the Criminal Law Amendment of 1885), to be conflictive with Housman’s own internal conflicts concerning the homoerotic tendencies which he discovered in his admiration of fellow Oxford student Moses Jackson. Housman, much unlike other English literary figures such as Oscar Wilde and Thomas hardy, was not an artist who found it necessary to directly confront Britain with any political dissention imposed by is works. Instead, "for Housman the discovery of self was so disturbing and disconcerting that poetry came as a way of disclosing it" (Bayley 44). The county of Shropshire is central to much of his poetry, but it is employed merely as "a personification of the writer’s memories, dreams and affections;" meanwhile, Housmanâ€℠¢s central character is one "who could at once be himself and not himself" (Scott-Kilvert 26). In what Housman himself regarded to be one of his best poems, "XXVII: Is my team ploughing," the focus is placed upon a conversation between a dead man and one of his friends from his previous life (Housman 18). "XXII: The street sounds to the soldiers’ tread;" meanwhile, expresses an emotional wonder discovered in the eyes of a passing soldier (Housman 15). Both the ambiguous quality of the dead man’s last question (18 ll. 25-26) in poem XXVII and the nature of the chance encounter in XXII stand to exemplify the subtle undercurrent of Housman’s own enigmatic sexuality. "Is my team ploughing" is in the form of "the primitive ballad metres, which Housman revived," and primarily "employed for a poetry not of action but of introspection" (Scott-Kilvert 25). The piece begins by the dead man’s questioning of such trivialities as his "team" (l. 1) that he "used to drive" (l. 2), and "football" (l. 9) being played "Along the river shore" (l. 10). The other speaker responds to the dead man’s questions with a partially abrasive tone as can be interpreted by lines 7-8 in which ... ...t some fickleness therein. It must be said in conclusion if these works do in fact mirror the "thoughts at heart" within Housman, that his sexuality combined with his philosophy of love culminate in an intensely masochistic lifestyle. Such is reflected by the guilt that is obviously associated by the speaker of "Is my team ploughing" deciding to take his dead friend’s sweetheart. In poem XXII the speaker relays the contentment which he finds in the mutual emotions of love between he and the redcoat, but at the same time XXVII relays the frustrations ultimately found in being alone. To invest such emotional intensity only to knowingly find unrequited perspectives manifests itself as personified hope in both poems of which speak of experiences of intimate gratification and internal content. Works Cited Bayley, John. Housman’s Poems. Clarendon’s Press, Oxford. 1992. Hoagwood, Terrence Allen. A.E Housman Revisited. Twayne Publishers, N.Y. 1995. Housman, A.E. A Shropshire Lad. Ed. Stanley Appelbaum. General Publishing Co., Ltd., Toronto. 1990. Scott-Kilvert, Ian. A.E. Housman: Writers and Their Work No. 69. Longmans, Green and Co., London. 1965.

Why should women become priests? :: Essays Papers

Why should women become priests? Catholic Churches today and in the past 40 years or so have been starting to ordain women as priests. Most people think this is completely sacrilegious and revolting against the church. But, women do not want to become priests because they are angry, or because they want to win, or because they want to trample men’s feelings, but because they are searching for the truth about themselves as women, and so they can relate more to God. Let me explain. First, let me begin with feminism. Feminism is the belief that women and men are equal in dignity as human beings. Most people would agree that equal dignity, at times, has been denied for women. This changes attitudes, concepts, and structures to reveal this equality. Also, feminism is not just a call for women to have an equal place in the current system of the Church, but rather it challenges people to rethink the system itself in the light of women’s experience. Women do not want merely equal access to priesthood in the Church, they want to remake it (Bielgrien 13). Women continue to strive for equal status in the church. They are beginning to oppose more and more of the Church’s teaching. Feminists are now opposing the idea that humans have a â€Å"dual anthropology.† The Church supports this philosophy and explains that â€Å"women’s human nature is naturally different from men’s human nature† (Bielgrien 13). Arguments against the ordination of women imply this nature, in which sexual differentiation is seen as an essential element and therefore part of the divine plan that God wants. The dual nature of men and women is the ordaining principle for complementary roles, functions, and activities of women and men† (Bielgrien 13-15). However, women who are in favor of ordaining women priests say there is a â€Å"one-nature anthropology.† This philosophy claims that â€Å"there is no preordained role or function, beyond the biological, for either men or women since the appropriate activities of the individual are extrapolated from spiritual and personal characteristics† (Bielgrien 16).

Mamma Mia! the Musical: History and Music

Mamma Mia! is hit Broadway musical that celebrates the music of ABBA, a 1970’s Swedish pop group.   It includes over 20 original ABBA songs, the most famous of which is Mamma Mia, which lends itself to the title of the musical.   The musical is based on a book written by British author Catherine Johnson, and the music was primarily written by Benny Andersson and Bjà ¶rn Ulvaeus of ABBA. ABBA began in the 1970’s in Sweden, and became famous when the group won the 1974 Eurovision song writing contest.   It consisted of four members: Benny Andersson, Bjà ¶rn Ulvaeus, Ani-Frid Lyngstad, and Agnetha Faltskog.   It is from their first names that the group’s name came.   They wrote songs that became extremely popular world-wide, including Dancing Queen (which was number one on charts across the world, including the US.   It was only song to become number one in the US), Waterloo (the song that won the Eurovision contest), and of course, Mamma Mia.   All of these popular songs, and more, are included in the show that became Mamma Mia! (Mamma Mia official site). Catherine Johnson’s book tells a story about a daughter (Sophie) who is about to get married, but she doesn’t know who her own father is.   She is living on a Greek island paradise, and invites the three potential candidates to the island to see her – the first time they’ve all set foot on the island in 20 years (Harry, Bill, and Sam).   She tries to figure out which one of these men is her father while hiding this from her mother, Donna, who won’t talk about her past.   Her goal is to have her real father walk her down the aisle. Ultimately, her mother walks her down the aisle because everyone realizes that they don’t know who her real father is, but that it doesn’t matter – they will all be a part of her life.   She also realizes she doesn’t actually want to get married, so her mother ends up marrying one of the three men (Sam) instead, and Sophie and her fiancà © go off to travel the world (Wikipedia). The musical is interspersed with songs like Does Your Mother Know, Super-Trouper, Lay All Your Love on Me, and more.   Many of the songs are not used in their original context, but are used in key parts of the musical.   For example, the original lyrics in Does Your Mother Know are sung by a man who is asking his underage date if her mother know she’s seeing him.   In the musical, it is sung by women and used to ask Sophie if her mother knows she’s invited these men to the island (Wikipedia). The original idea for the musical was conceived in 1989 by Judy Craymer, and was to use popular ABBA songs in the new context of a musical.   Bjà ¶rn and Benny had attempted to write their own musical in the 70’s, consisting of songs like Thank You for the Music (now used in Mamma Mia!) and others, but it was never completed.   Lending songs to a musical that was completed and performed was obviously something they were interested in.   In May 1999, 10 years after the original idea, Mamma Mia! was born, and made its debut in London theaters.   While the creators and producers were initially worried about audience reception, it was an instant success, and went on to play all over Britain, and then in the United States on Broadway. The U.S. debut was in 2000, and has since played in many Broadway and off-Broadway theaters throughout the country.   It is playing simultaneously in more theaters than any other musical.   Today, it is estimated that over 20 million people have seen the show (Mamma Mia official website).   The show has toured all major US cities and many minor ones as well, and continues to play on Broadway.   There are several casts that are performing the show at any given time. The show is now playing world-wide, including in Japan, Sweden, and other European countries.   It is estimated that 1.3 million people have seen the show in one of these countries.   The show has swept not only the English-speaking countries, but the entire world.   The soundtrack is also available in different languages for the diverse audience members. Typical advertising lines include â€Å"People are singing in their seats and dancing in the aisles† when they see the musical.   Also, audience members are encouraged to sing along during the encore, which consists of three songs sung earlier in the musical; there are 22 unique songs in all.  Ã‚   Audiences consist of people of all ages, as the musical is family friendly and the music is loved not only by the older generation that grew up with it, but also by the younger generation becoming familiar with it for the first time (Mamma Mia! official site). The combination of familiar, well-loved songs with a new, exciting story is what makes Mamma Mia! what it is.   Many of the adults in world were growing up during the 1970’s and spent a lot of time listening to ABBA music.   Their songs topped charts around the world from their debut in 1974 straight through the mid-80’s.   They produced several greatest hits CDs, include ABBA Gold and More Gold, which together include over 40 songs.   ABBA continues to play on â€Å"oldies† radios today, and their music has been passed down to younger generations. The music is so upbeat and exciting and perfect for the stage that when it was combined with the cute and interesting story by Catherine Johnson, it was well-received and well-loved.   Mamma Mia! will likely continue to play in theaters throughout the country for several more years, as it continues to be an exciting, fun show for all to enjoy. Bibliography â€Å"Mamma Mia!† Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.   Modified Dec. 8, 2006.   Accessed December 12, 2006.   Website: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamma_Mia! â€Å"Mamma-Mia Official Website.†Ã‚   Accessed December 12, 2006.   Website: http://www.mamma-mia.com/

Leadership Ethic

UNIT 6 Assignments – Personal Leadership/Ethics Statement GB580: Strategic Management Mary Dereshiwsky Hugues Joseph When it comes to my personal leadership/ ethics, I have to take that seriously due to the fact this part can make as well brake a company. This is the sort of guideline that makes a company; furthermore, you have a lot of companies that gets in trouble due to the fact their do not follow a certain ethic guidelines.Ethics  are considered the moral standards by which people judge behavior. Ethics are often summed up in what is considered the â€Å"golden rule†Ã¢â‚¬â€do unto others as you would have them do unto you. While this makes sense as a general rule of thumb, it is not entirely useful when looking to define business ethics. In business, there are many different people you have to answer to: customers, shareholders and clients.Determining what to do when an ethical dilemma arises among these different interests can be extremely tricky, and as such business ethics are complex and multi-faceted (2012). There is couple things that effect business ethic There are Honesty, Objectivity, Integrity , Carefulness, Openness, Respect for intellectual property, Confidentiality, Responsible publication, Responsible mentoring, Respect for colleagues, Social responsibility, Non-discrimination, Competence, Legality, Human subjects protection.The bank I used to work for several years back had some of that issue as for time to time you will find the manager give the customer the wrong information on purpose as a way to avoid helping the customers. We would be looking at the manager because we knew he was doing the wrong thing to do and it seemed as the customer knew he was lying as well; furthermore, the bank was losing money due to the fact many people did not want to deal with him as well.All the employees must have that possess a skill when it comes to customer something like extrovert. Former Penn State assistant football coach Jerry Sandu sky was sentenced to 30 to 60 years in prison on molestation charges in a case that focused attention not only on his crimes but on how university officials allegedly covered up the incidents to save their profitable sports program from embarrassment and scrutiny. In the wake of the sentencing, several ethical issues were cited in the U. S. press: (2012).This is a problem due to the fact that you have parents who have trusted their kids with these coaches and those coaches take advantage of the parents as well the children and sadly most of the time the kid do not have the power to say â€Å"NO† due to the fact they’re have trusted the coaches. This is why a person who work at an organization must have certain features such as extrovert which define as someone who is social and outgoing, comfortable around groups of people, starts conversations, does not like being alone.Sensory which defines gathering using sense, practical and able to rely on common sense; furthermor e, the ability to judge because it provide one to be well structured as well organize so therefore that person does not like to leave any loose ends. I would love to have someone who is very dedicated someone that I can rely on and depend on when something that have to get done the person will know off the bat and no one have to them nothing.This is consider to be a strong suite for one person able to do that; furthermore, this will also give that person the opportunity to move further with the company and most like will be the first to be recognize when there is an open opportunity. References: More ethical issues arise following sandusky sentencing. (2012). Retrieved from http://www. globalethics. org/newsline/2012/10/15/ethical-issues-2/ A closer look: Definition of business ethics. (2012). Retrieved from http://reference. yourdictionary. com/word-definitions/Define-Ethics. html

HR PRACTICE ON GRAMEEN BANK Essay

In any comprehensive work, like this, credit must go to the multitude of people. I am still students and just novice. Hence, I have taken help from different people for preparing my report. Now here is a petite effort to show my deep graduate to those helpful people. First, I commit my selves grateful to Allah for his unlimited kindness and maximum helpful hand in continuing my report preparation. I express my sincere gratitude to honorable supervisor, Ms. Monsura Zaman, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Faculty of Business Administration, ASA University Bangladesh, for their guidance and valuable remark about the convention of the report. I have come to believe, deeply and firmly, that we can create a poverty free world if we want to. I came to this conclusion not as a product of a pious dream, but as a concrete result  of experience gained in the work of the Grameen Bank. It is not micro credit alone which will end poverty. Credit is one door through which people can escape from poverty. Many more doors and windows can be created to facilitate an easy exit. It involves conceptualizing about people differently; it involves designing a new institutional frame work consistent with this new conceptualization. Grameen bank has taught me two things first our knowledge base about people and their interactions is still very inadequate: second each individual person is very important. Each person has tremendous potential. She or he alone can influence the lives of others within the communities, nations, within and beyond her or his own time. Background of the Study Successful human resource management makes it possible for the organization to acquire the number and types of people necessary to ensure the continued operation of the organization by the†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. So it acts an important role in HR department. As a part of BBA program, my honorable supervisor, Ms. Monsura Zaman, †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.., assigned me to prepare a report on related topic on Human Resource Management course. I have selected our report topic as â€Å"HRM practice in microcredit Sector of Bangladesh (Grameen Bank).†. Executive Summary The importance of human resources management (HRM) practices to the success or failure of organizational development system performance has, until recently, been generally overlooked. In recent years it has been increasingly recognized that getting HR policy and management. In this paper, I take my theoretical point of departure in recent work in organizational economics on systems of human resource management (HRM) practices. Though this program good balance between theory and practice is gained. Furthermore this is Thesis assignment is a vital requirement for obtaining Masters of Business Administration (MBA) program. I worked Grameen Bank’, how they practice HRM on their microcredit sector. Microcredit is the extension of very small loans (microloans) to impoverished borrowers who  typically lack collateral, steady employment and a verifiable credit history. It is designed not only to support entrepreneurship and alleviate poverty, but also in many cases to empower women and uplift entire communities by extension. In many communities, women lack the highly stable employment histories that traditional lenders tend to require. Many are illiterate, and therefore unable to complete paperwork required to get conventional loans. As of 2009 an estimated 74 million men and women held microloans that totaled US$38 billion. Grameen Bank reports that repayment success rates are between 95 and 98 per cent. Report Overview Introduction Background of HRM: Human Resource Management is defined as the people who staff and manage organization. It comprises of the functions and principles that are applied to retaining, training, developing, and compensating the employees in organization. It is also applicable to business organizations, such as acting, news presenters and Models etc. Human Resource Management is defined as the set of activities, programs, and functions that are designed to maximize both organizational as well as employee effectiveness. Scope of HRM without a doubt is vast. All the activities of employee, from the time of his entry into an organization until he leaves, come under the horizon of HRM. The divisions included in HRM are Recruitment, Payroll, Performance Management, Training and Development, Retention, Employee Relation, etc. A human resources management (HRM) professional is responsible for successfully acquiring, developing, motivating, and retaining employees. That is, they are on the â€Å"people† side of business operations, and because people do the work of organizations, a company’s success rests heavily on the quality of its HRM. An HRM professional is a full business partner who adds value to business decisions and aligns HR practices with those decisions. The work calls on you to know about compensation and benefits, labor relations laws, how to forecast working needs, organizational learning, and organizational change. Students’ specialty courses include â€Å"Competitive HRM Practices,† â€Å"Negotiations,† and â€Å"Cultural Aspects of  International Business.† They also select an honors seminar in â€Å"Management of Innovation.† In the classroom and on co-op, students gain the acting base of knowledge and the business expertise that’ s needed as an HRM professional. Human resource management is an effective tool for students interested in helping businesses succeed in a changeable personnel environment. This guide is based on Human Resource Management in a Business Context, and includes links to extra articles, notes, tips and exercises. It introduces you to the essential elements of HRM, its origins and applications. HRM is viewed as an all-embracing term describing a number of distinctive approaches to people management. They help you to understand and evaluate the different and sometimes ambiguous views of human resource management by investigating its origins, explanatory models, technology and practice. Human resource (or personnel) management has in the sense of getting things through people. It’s an essential part of every manager’s responsibilities, but many organizations find it advantageous to establish a specialist division to provide an expert service dedicated to ensuring that the huma n resource function is performed efficiently. â€Å"People are our most valuable asset† is a clichà © which no member of any senior management team would disagree with. Yet, the reality for many organizations is that their people remain under valued under trained under utilized poorly motivated, and consequently perform well below their true capability The rate of change facing organizations has never been greater and organizations must absorb and manage change at a much faster rate than in the past. In order to implement a successful business strategy to face this challenge, organizations, large or small, must ensure that they have the right people capable of delivering the strategy. The market place for talented, skilled people is competitive and expensive. Taking on new staff can be disruptive to existing employees. Also, it takes time to develop ‘cultural awareness’, product/ process/ organization knowledge and experience for new staff members. As organizations vary in size, aims, functions, complexity, construction, the physical nature of their product,  and appeal as employers, so do the contributions of human resource management. But, in most the ultimate aim of the function is to: â€Å"ensure that at all times the business is correctly staffed by the right number of people with the skills relevant to the bu siness needs†, that is, neither overstaffed nor understaffed in total or in respect of any one discipline or work grade. These issues motivate a well thought out human resource management strategy, with the precision and detail of say a marketing strategy. Failure in not having a carefully crafted human resources management strategy, can and probably will lead to failures in the business process itself. Origin of the Report: This report has been prepared as a requirement of the Thesis program based upon the Grameen Bank where my organization supervisor is Golam Morshed Mohammed (Senior Principal Officer, International Program Dept.), and my institution supervisor is Golam Mahbubul Alam,( Assistant Professor, Department of Business Administration, Stamford University). My institute supervisor duly approved the topic decided for doing the report. Since the MBA program is an integrated, practical and theoretical method of learning, the students of this program are required to have practical exposure in any kind of business organization in last term of this course. Scope and Objectives of the Study A clear objective helps in preparation of well decorated report in which other take the right type of decision. So I identify objective are very much important. Our purpose of preparing the report is: To know the human resource management (HRM) practice of Grameen Bank. To identify the various avenues for improving the HRM policies of Grameen Bank To know about the management ability of Grameen Bank. Suggesting strategies to improve the HRM policies of Grameen Bank. This study covers the HRM policies of Grameen Bank along with some recommendations to improve the HRM policies of Grameen Bank. Methodology A sample survey was conducted to collect primary data using two pre-designed survey instruments from concerned groups following an appropriate sample  design. In view of the complexities involved in generating quantitative data for assessing the real impact, qualitative data were also collected. In the context of the unique features of the area an attempt was made to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the private HRM sector. Data Collection: This study is mainly based on secondary data available from the various divisions and departments of Grameen Bank, in addition to these other necessary information have been collected from the relevant journals, annual reports of the Grameen bank, website and publications of other relevant institutions have also been taken into consideration. Primary sources of data: Face to face conversation with the Grameen Bank administrative dept. and International depts. Officers & staffs. Conversation with the clients. Different’ manuals of Grameen Bank. Secondary sources of data: Procedure manual published by the Grameen Bank. Files and documents of the branch. Annual report of Grameen Bank. Unpublished data. Different text books. Web sites. Unstructured data: This data was compiled using information from Grameen Bank branch and centre visits, informal discussions with branch managers, field staff and various management level officers conducted during field and head office visits. Limitations of the Study As a student of faculty of Business Administration, this is my first initiative for making a report on â€Å"HRM Practice in Microcredit sector of Bangladesh: A case study on Grameen Bank†. By meeting with officers, I was really unable to collect enough information from due to their official restrictions. While carry out the study I had to face a few limitations, which are mentioned below: The main constraint of the study is inadequate access to information. The employees did not disclose much information for the sake of the confidentiality of the organization. Since the bank and other companies personal were very busy, they could provide me very little time. The clients were too busy to provide me much time for interview. The time frame fixed to prepare the study report was hard to be met. As a result, sufficient concentration could be given on it, which was needed for a much better study. Chapter 2 An Overview on Microcredit in Bangladesh What is Microcredit? Much of the current interest in microcredit stems from the Microcredit Summit (2-4 February 1997), and the activities that went into organizing the event. The definition of microcredit that was adopted there was: Microcredit: programmers extend small loans to very poor people for self-employment projects that generate income, allowing them to care for themselves and their families. Definitions defer, of course, from country to country. Some of the defining criteria used include- size – loans are micro, or very small in size target users – microenterpreneurs and low-income households utilization – the use of funds – for income generation, and enterprise development, but also for community use (health/education) etc. terms and conditions – most terms and conditions for microcredit loans are flexible and easy to understand, and suited to the local conditions of the community. Three C’s of Credit Character: means how a person has handled past debt obligations: Form credit history and personal background, honesty and reliability of the borrower to pay credit debts are determined. Capacity: means how much debt a borrower can comfortably handle. Income streams are analyzed and any legal obligations looked into, which could interfere in repayment. Capital: means current available assets of the borrower, such as real estate, savings or investment that could be used to repay debt if income should be unavailable. Microcredit in Bangladesh Microcredit programs in Bangladesh is implemented by NGOs, Grameen Bank, state-owned commercial banks, private commercial banks, and specialized programs of some ministries of Bangladesh government. In the microfinance sector total loan outstanding is around TK 248 billion (including Grameen Bank TK 72 billion) and savings TK168 billion. The total clients of this sector is 35 million (including 8.4 million clients from Grameen Bank) that accelerates overall economic development process of the country. Credit services of this sector can be categorized into six broad groups: i) general microcredit for small-scale self employment based activities, ii) microenterprise loans, iii) loans for ultra poor, iv) agricultural loans, v) seasonal loans, and vi) loans for disaster management. Loan amounts up to BDT 50,000 are generally considered as microcredit; loans above this amount are considered as microenterprise loans. LICENSING STATUS OF THE NGO-MFIS IN BANGLADESH The Microcredit Regulatory Authority (MRA), established by the government in August 2006, received applications from 4241 private institutions (NGO-MFIs). But, around 1000 applications of them were found to be very small organizations that had fewer than 1000 borrowers or less than the USD 58,000 in outstanding loans that is generally considered as the minimum initial operating portfolio of a single branched MFI to be sustainable. However, till August 2012 the MRA had approved licenses in favor of 651 NGOs. There are another 210 applications are under process for a final decision although they are mostly small organizations but with some potentiality to become viable in course of time. As of August 2012, 3380 applications have been rejected. Recently MRA has invited new applications for obtaining license to conduct microcredit activities. STATE OF MICROCREDIT IN BANGLADESH In the backdrop of global ‘double-dip’ recession and over-indebtedness crisis in microcredit sector in several countries, Bangladesh’s microfinance sector shows strong resilience and continues to contribute towards enhancement of macroeconomic growth. Bangladesh microfinance sector is mature now and its assets constitute around 3 percent of GDP in 2011. Total outstanding loan of  this sector (only licensed MFIs) has increased by 20.0 percent from BDT 145.0 billion in June 2010 to BDT 173.8 billion in June, 2011 disbursed among 20.7 million poor people, helping them to be self-employed and accelerating overall economic development process of the country. The total savings has also increased by 23.25 percent to BDT 63.3 billion in June 2011 compared to previous year from 26.1 million clients, over 93 percent of them are women. Table 2 shows the market scenario of NGO-MFIs in Bangladesh. The top three MFIs contribute 54 percent of total loan outstanding as well as savings of the microfinance sector in Bangladesh. Two of the largest MFIs, viz., BRAC & ASA, are each serving over five million borrowers. There are a few more developing fast. On the other hand the smallest 428 NGO-MFIs have contributed only 4 percent of total loan outstanding and 5 percent of total savings. Institutional concentration ratio is highly skewed in favor of large MFIs: just 22 institutions are in control of 76 percent of the market share while three largest organizations have control of over 50 percent in terms of both clients and total financial portfolios. Table 3 depicts the scenario of micro enterprise loan, i.e., loans above BDT 50,000, of different NGO-MFIs in Bangladesh. It is observed that micro enterprise loan outstanding is BDT 40 billion which is around 24 percent of total loan outstanding in which the top ten NGO-MFIs contributed around 19 percent. It also shows that BDT 40 billion is disbursed to around 6 lakh borrowers which are only 3 percent of total borrowers. The table expresses that only the top NGO-MFIs are capable to run micro enterprise loan. Selected Indicators of NGO-MFIs in Bangladesh It is observed from table 4 that savings per member has been increasing over the years. In 2006 savings per member was Tk. 1,207 which stands at Tk.2495 in 2011 – an increase to more than double within the last five years. The loan outstanding per borrower also increased over the years and average growth rate of loan outstanding per borrower is around 17 percent in 2011 compared to the previous year. The loan outstanding per borrower has increased by more than 100 percent within the last five years. These two indicators, savings per member (average saving size) and outstanding loan per borrower (average loan size) increased over time perhaps due to the increase in the income level of the poor resulting in an increase in their need for higher amount of loans from the MFIs. The ratio between borrowers to clients (members) remained steady for the last few years, which is within 70 to 80 percent and the savings to outstanding loan ratio has also been stable from 2006 to 2011. Since the total number of branches of MFIs has increased at a much higher rate in 2011 compared to the previous year, the number of members and borrowers per branch has decreased. Substantial rate of increase in the sizes of loans per borrower and savings per member has resulted in a rise in the total loan outstanding and savings in the sector. Consequently outstanding loan and saving per branch has also increased. The loan outstanding amount per branch which was TK 8.42 million in 2010 has increased by 14.4 percent in 2011.

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